FOOT & ANKLE

  • Plantar fasciitis is one of the most common causes of heel pain and often develops when the load placed on the plantar fascia exceeds its capacity to recover. Symptoms are typically worse with the first few steps in the morning or after periods of rest. Research supports exercise-based rehabilitation and load management as key components of successful treatment (Martin et al., 2014).

  • Achilles tendinopathy is an overuse injury affecting the tendon that connects the calf muscles to the heel. Symptoms often develop gradually and may be aggravated by running, jumping, or sudden increases in training load. Progressive strengthening programs are considered one of the most effective treatment approaches for improving pain and function (Malliaras et al., 2013).

  • Ankle sprains commonly occur during sport, running, and everyday activities when the foot rolls unexpectedly. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, and reduced confidence during movement. Research demonstrates that rehabilitation focusing on strength, balance, and proprioception can help reduce the risk of recurrent ankle sprains (Doherty et al., 2017).

  • Shin splints, also known as medial tibial stress syndrome, commonly affect runners and field sport athletes. Symptoms are typically felt along the inside of the shin and are often associated with rapid increases in training load, reduced recovery, or changes in activity levels. Management focuses on load modification, strength development, and gradual return to activity (Newman et al., 2013).